What's in my range bag

The bag itself is a large Mil-Tec range bag I purchased it from Varusteleka for about $75 USD. It features a carry handle, a duffle bag-style single shoudler strap, and also dual shoulder straps to wear it as a backpack. The external zippers are compatible with locks, although the material is not cut-resistant.
Exterior
A few items are strapped to the outside of the bag.

A small rectangular shooting mat made from 400D PVC-coated polyester. Creates a dry work surface and helps to keep the shooter from getting too wet and muddy while laying on the ground.
My pistol cleaning rod is also strapped to the exterior for easy access. It's used for clearing bore obstructions and cleaning. Only about 8 inches long, I use a Rapid-Rod (not pictured—stored in my rifle's butt stock) for longer barrels.
Permanent marker for marking up targets or any other necessary writing such as placing witness marks on bolts or scope knobs.
A large metal clip. Sometimes used to hang targets, this one hasn't been shot yet!
Front pockets

There are three pockets built into the front of the bag, and a forth one attached with MOLLE webbing.
The MOLLE pouch is intended for my water bottle. It's currently holding a can of Ballistol cleaner/lubricant.
Dangerous things are dangerous, so I try to always keep an IFAK on hand at the range. One of the external pockets is dedicated to that.
The last two pockets are full of personal protective equipment: The central pocket contains my primary eye and ear protection and a pair of gloves. The other one has some spares to share with friends.
Middle pouch

The middle of the bag is a large zippered component with a lot of PALS/MOLLE webbing and two slim padded pockets.

This ammo placard is attached with MOLLE, it has four magazine pouches with hook & loop covers. Easily holds most pistol and rifle magazines, and small 9mm boxes.
A small repair/cleaning bag holds a lot of handy things for keeping a rifle running, including:
- A complete bolt carrier group for spare parts.
- Assorted small tools: Torx wrench for scope mount, Glock front sight wrench, AR sight adjustment tool, various hex wrenches
- Cotton patches, bore snake, brushes, gun oil
- Spare batteries for sights, flashlights, range finder, etc.
- Tape
The last item in this compartment is a Wheeler AR-15 Combo tool. Useful for barrel nuts, muzzle devices, buffer tubes and a few other things. Limited usefulness without an accompanying torque wrench, but better than nothing. Heavy, but slim enough to take up very little space.
Main compartment

My Rifle is not pictured. It fits securely into the padded main compartment held down by two sets of velcro straps.
The compartment features two zippered storage subdivisions, containing:

- Staple gun & staples – for hanging paper targets.
- Spare gun locks – These are poor quality, but better than nothing in a pinch. May be needed for practical and/or legal reasons.
- Magazine loader – To avoid sore thumbs.
- Brass catcher – Can be mounted on the side of a rifle to keep ejected casings contained. Somewhat cumbersome to use, sometimes gets in the way.
- Masking tape – Patch up shot holes on a target.
- Shot timer – Training aid. Electrical tape over speaker somewhat reduces its volume.
- Laser rangefinder – Expensive, but easy-to-use tool for measuring distance and confirming estimates.
- Wind gauge – Measures the wind speed. I rarely use this, but it is light and doesn't take up much space.
Conclusion
This is what has worked for me, for my typical range outings. It's not a guide for anyone else. As always, the gear you choose to carry should be tailored to your specific needs, and what you'll be doing.